Inherent Properties, Identifiers and References
ChemSpider ID: 692
Empirical Formula: CH2O
Molecular Weight: 30.026
Nominal Mass: 30 Da
Average Mass: 30.026 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 30.010565 Da
Quick Links: Permalink Similar Isomers
Systematic Name: formaldehyde
SMILES: O=C
InChI: InChI=1/CH2O/c1-2/h1H2
InChIKey: WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYAT
(Details...) Original Reference(s)
Formaldehyde is a chemical compound with the formula H2CO. It is the simplest aldehyde—an organic compound containing a terminal carbonyl group: it consists of exactly one carbonyl. It was first synthesized by the Russian chemist Aleksandr Butlerov (1828-1886), but was conclusively identified by August Wilhelm von Hofmann. Formaldehyde exists in several forms aside from H2CO: the cyclic trimer trioxane and the polymer paraformaldehyde. It exists in water as the hydrate H2C(OH)2. Aqueous solutions of formaldehyde are referred to as formalin. "100%" formalin consists of a saturated solution of formaldehyde (roughly 40% by mass) in water, with a small amount of stabilizer, usually methanol to limit oxidation and polymerization. Formaldehyde is an intermediate in the oxidation (or combustion) of methane as well as other carbon compounds, e.g. forest fires, in automobile exhaust, and in tobacco smoke. It is produced in the atmosphere by the action of sunlight and oxygen on atmospheric methane and other hydrocarbons; thus, it becomes part of smog. Small amounts of formaldehyde are produced as a metabolic byproduct in most organisms, including humans. Read more... or Edit at Wikipedia...
Data SourceExternal ID(s)
UsefulChemUC0195
Disclaimer (Details...) Supplemental Information

User Data

  • experimental physchem properties
    • Boiling Point: -6F
    • Boiling Point: 96 C
    • Flash Point: NA (Gas)
    • Flash Point: 56 C
    • Freezing Point: -134F
    • Solubility: Miscible
    • Ionization Potential: 10.88 eV
    • Vapor Pressure: 1 atm
  • miscellaneous
    • Appearance: Nearly colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. [Note: Often used in an aqueous solution (see specific listing for Formalin).]
    • Appearance: colourless liquid, typically 37% formaldehyde in water
    • Stability: Stable. Strong reducing agent, especially in alkaline solution.Substances to be avoided include strong bases,strong acids, strong oxidising agents, aniline, phenol,isocyanates, anhydrides. Combustible . Light and air sensitive. Polymerizesspontaneously.
    • Toxicity: http://ptcl.chem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/HY/hydrogen peroxide 30pc.html
    • Safety: Safety glasses. Nitrile or butyl rubber gloves. Good ventilation. 50 g kg-1, SKN-RAT LD50 3000 mg kg-1
    • First Aid: Eye: Irrigate immediately Breathing: Respiratory support
    • Exposure Routes: inhalation, skin and/or eye contact
    • Symptoms: Irritation eyes, nose, throat, respiratory system; lacrimation (discharge of tears); cough; wheezing; [potential occupational carcinogen]
    • Target Organs: Eyes, respiratory system Cancer Site [nasal cancer]
    • Incompatibilities and Reactivities: Strong oxidizers, alkalis & acids; phenols; urea [Note: Pure formaldehyde has a tendency to polymerize. Reacts with HCl to form bis-Chloromethyl ether.]
    • Personal protection and Sanitation: Skin: No recommendation Eyes: Prevent eye contact Wash skin: No recommendation Remove: No recommendation Change: No recommendation
    • Exposure Limits: NIOSH REL : Ca TWA 0.016 ppm C 0.1 ppm [15-minute] See Appendix A OSHA PEL : [1910.1048] TWA 0.75 ppm ST 2 ppm
(Details...) Names and Synonyms

Validated by Experts, Validated by Users, Non-Validated, Removed by Users, Redirected by Users, Redirect Approved by Experts

1664-98-8 [RN]

200-001-8 [EINECS/ELINCS]

216-775-5 [EINECS/ELINCS]

BFV

Dormol

Fannoform

Formaldeh​yde (USP)

Formalith

Formic al​dehyde

formol [Wiki]

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(Details...) Database ID(s)

Validated by Experts, Validated by Users, Non-Validated, Removed by Users, Redirected by Users, Redirect Approved by Experts

Caswell N​o. 465

HSDB 164

NCI-C02799

15512_RIE​DEL

15513_RIE​DEL

158127_SI​AL

16005_RIE​DEL

252549_SI​AL

33220_RIE​DEL

430315_AL​DRICH

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(Details...) Predicted Properties
LogP: ACD/LogP: 0.35
XLogP: 0.00
ALOGPS: -0.68
# of Rule of 5 Violations: 0
ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): 0.35 ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): 0.35
ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 1.09 ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 1.09
ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 36.93 ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 36.93
#H bond acceptors: 1 #H bond donors: 0
#Freely Rotating Bonds: 0 Polar Surface Area: 17.07 Å2
Index of Refraction: 1.235 Molar Refractivity: 6.53 cm3
Molar Volume: 43.8 cm3 Polarizability: 2.59 10-24cm3
Surface Tension: 12.6 dyne/cm Density: 0.684 g/cm3
Flash Point: °C Enthalpy of Vaporization: 22.31 kJ/mol
Boiling Point: °C at 760 mmHg Vapour Pressure: 3460 mmHg at 25°C
            
 Log Octanol-Water Partition Coef (SRC):
    Log Kow (KOWWIN v1.67 estimate) =  0.35
    Log Kow (Exper. database match) =  0.35
       Exper. Ref:  Hansch,C et al. (1995)

 Boiling Pt, Melting Pt, Vapor Pressure Estimations (MPBPWIN v1.42):
    Boiling Pt (deg C):  9.50  (Adapted Stein & Brown method)
    Melting Pt (deg C):  -110.94  (Mean or Weighted MP)
    VP(mm Hg,25 deg C):  3.49E+003  (Mean VP of Antoine & Grain methods)
    MP  (exp database):  -92 deg C
    BP  (exp database):  -19.1 deg C
    VP  (exp database):  3.89E+03 mm Hg at 25 deg C

 Water Solubility Estimate from Log Kow (WSKOW v1.41):
    Water Solubility at 25 deg C (mg/L):  5.702e+004
       log Kow used: 0.35 (expkow database)
       no-melting pt equation used
     Water Sol (Exper. database match) =  4e+005 mg/L (20 deg C)
        Exper. Ref:  PICKRELL,JA ET AL. (1983)

 Water Sol Estimate from Fragments:
    Wat Sol (v1.01 est) =  3.9694e+005 mg/L
    Wat Sol (Exper. database match) =  400000.00
       Exper. Ref:  PICKRELL,JA ET AL. (1983)

 ECOSAR Class Program (ECOSAR v0.99h):
    Class(es) found:
       Aldehydes

 Henrys Law Constant (25 deg C) [HENRYWIN v3.10]:
   Bond Method :   9.29E-005  atm-m3/mole
   Group Method:   6.14E-005  atm-m3/mole
   Exper Database: 3.37E-07  atm-m3/mole
 Henrys LC [VP/WSol estimate using EPI values]:  5.267E-004 atm-m3/mole

 Log Octanol-Air Partition Coefficient (25 deg C) [KOAWIN v1.10]:
  Log Kow used:  0.35  (exp database)
  Log Kaw used:  -4.861  (exp database)
      Log Koa (KOAWIN v1.10 estimate):  5.211
      Log Koa (experimental database):  None

 Probability of Rapid Biodegradation (BIOWIN v4.10):
   Biowin1 (Linear Model)         :   1.0179
   Biowin2 (Non-Linear Model)     :   0.9999
 Expert Survey Biodegradation Results:
   Biowin3 (Ultimate Survey Model):   3.1551  (weeks       )
   Biowin4 (Primary Survey Model) :   4.0011  (days        )
 MITI Biodegradation Probability:
   Biowin5 (MITI Linear Model)    :   1.0342
   Biowin6 (MITI Non-Linear Model):   0.9879
 Anaerobic Biodegradation Probability:
   Biowin7 (Anaerobic Linear Model):  0.9587
 Ready Biodegradability Prediction:   YES

Hydrocarbon Biodegradation (BioHCwin v1.01):
    Structure incompatible with current estimation method!

 Sorption to aerosols (25 Dec C)[AEROWIN v1.00]:
  Vapor pressure (liquid/subcooled):  5.19E+005 Pa (3.89E+003 mm Hg)
  Log Koa (Koawin est  ): 5.211
   Kp (particle/gas partition coef. (m3/ug)):
       Mackay model           :  5.78E-012 
       Octanol/air (Koa) model:  3.99E-008 
   Fraction sorbed to airborne particulates (phi):
       Junge-Pankow model     :  2.09E-010 
       Mackay model           :  4.63E-010 
       Octanol/air (Koa) model:  3.19E-006 

 Atmospheric Oxidation (25 deg C) [AopWin v1.92]:
   Hydroxyl Radicals Reaction:
      OVERALL OH Rate Constant =   8.1300 E-12 cm3/molecule-sec
      Half-Life =     1.316 Days (12-hr day; 1.5E6 OH/cm3)
      Half-Life =    15.787 Hrs
   Ozone Reaction:
      No Ozone Reaction Estimation
   Fraction sorbed to airborne particulates (phi): 3.36E-010 (Junge,Mackay)
    Note: the sorbed fraction may be resistant to atmospheric oxidation

 Soil Adsorption Coefficient (PCKOCWIN v1.66):
      Koc    :  1
      Log Koc:  0.000 

 Aqueous Base/Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis (25 deg C) [HYDROWIN v1.67]:
    Rate constants can NOT be estimated for this structure!

 Bioaccumulation Estimates from Log Kow (BCFWIN v2.17):
   Log BCF from regression-based method = 0.500 (BCF = 3.162)
       log Kow used: 0.35 (expkow database)

 Volatilization from Water:
    Henry LC:  3.37E-007 atm-m3/mole  (Henry experimental database)
    Half-Life from Model River:      952.6  hours   (39.69 days)
    Half-Life from Model Lake : 1.044E+004  hours   (434.9 days)

 Removal In Wastewater Treatment:
    Total removal:               1.87  percent
    Total biodegradation:        0.09  percent
    Total sludge adsorption:     1.76  percent
    Total to Air:                0.02  percent
      (using 10000 hr Bio P,A,S)

 Level III Fugacity Model:
           Mass Amount    Half-Life    Emissions
            (percent)        (hr)       (kg/hr)
   Air       2.13            27.4         1000       
   Water     44.2            360          1000       
   Soil      53.5            720          1000       
   Sediment  0.0826          3.24e+003    0          
     Persistence Time: 390 hr